PERTANIKA JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES AND HUMANITIES

Much of the recent literature on freedom of expression focuses on human rights. This study argues that discussions about free expression in Malay Muslim society, especially regarding political expression, should include the fundamental value of human dignity. From a Western perspective, the meaning of human dignity has a limited manifestation, often subsumed under the concept of human rights. However, in Malay culture, human dignity is the highest value that demands protection not just by individuals but through the collective responsibility of society. This is reflected in their communication and expression, which are guided by Akhlak (Islamic moral guidelines) and customary conduct. Therefore, understanding this cultural approach to human dignity is vital for addressing issues of immoral expression in Malay Muslim society, including inflammatory remarks and problematic speech. This study used a qualitative approach, analyzing secondary data from books and journal articles to explore the Malay philosophical and cultural background. It also examined Hikayat Hang Tuah and Sulalat Al-Salatin to understand how these works illustrated Malay expressions of human dignity in communication and political expression. The findings indicate that Malay expression is characterized by a high level of politeness, which upholds the dignity of individuals and the community. This cultural expression is integral to Malay identity, highlighting the necessity of reaffirming human dignity in today’s political discourse, which has strayed from these core cultural teachings.